
An
ILS is defined as a Precision Approach Procedure. Because of this the
terminology is slightly different in that the point at which the approach
is terminated is called the Decision
Height.
Non Precision Approaches (VOR, NDB and Localiser only) use a different
point called the Minimum
Descent Height.
There are subtle differences.
With
the ILS the aircraft is allowed to descend to the DH (usually 250 ft)
and, if the crew don't see the runway or approach lights they HAVE to
execute a missed approach. In other words there isn't a MAPt for this
procedure because it is the same point as the DH.
For
Non Precision Approaches the aircraft can fly down to the MDH but then
it is allowed to level off and remain at the MDH until it gets to the
MAPt - only then does it go around. So, a MAPt (I'm adding the little
T because the charts now show it as MAPt rather than MAP) is only necessary
and shown for non precision approaches.
Obstacle protection for missed approach is
predicated on the missed approach being initiated at
the decision altitude/height (DA/H) or at the missed
approach point and not lower than minimum descent
altitude (MDA). A climb gradient of at least 200 feet
per nautical mile is required, (except for Copter
approaches, where a climb of at least 400 feet per
nautical mile is required), unless a higher climb
gradient is published in the notes section of the
approach procedure chart. When higher than standard
climb gradients are specified, the end point of the
non-standard climb will be specified at either an
altitude or a fix. Pilots must preplan to ensure that the
aircraft can meet the climb gradient (expressed in feet
per nautical mile) required by the procedure in the
event of a missed approach, and be aware that flying
at a higher than anticipated ground speed increases
the climb rate requirement (feet per minute). Tables
for the conversion of climb gradients (feet per
nautical mile) to climb rate (feet per minute), based
on ground speed, are included on page D1 of the U.S.
Terminal Procedures booklets. Reasonable buffers
are provided for normal maneuvers. However, no
consideration is given to an abnormally early turn.
Therefore, when an early missed approach is
executed, pilots should, unless otherwise cleared by
ATC, fly the IAP as specified on the approach plate
to the missed approach point at or above the MDA or
DH before executing a turning maneuver.
VISUAL DESCENT
POINTS (VDP)
VDPs
are incorporated in selected non-precision approach procedures. The VDP is a defined point on the final
approach course of a non-precision straight-in procedure from which normal
descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided
the visual reference required by the Air Force and applicable directives is
established. A visual descent point is
the intersection of a 3° glide slope originating at the threshold and the MDA.
The VDP is identified in the profile view of the approach chart by the symbol: V[/b].
No
special technique is required to fly a procedure with a VDP. To be assured of the proper obstacle
clearance, the pilot should not descend below the MDA before reaching the VDP
and acquiring the necessary visual reference with the runway environment.
The
following two methods may be used to calculate a VDP if none is shown on the
approach chart.
Since
a 3° glide slope equates to 300? of altitude change every mile, the VDP can be
calculated as follows:
Step
1: Determine the VDP?s distance from the
threshold
HAT
Title: Re: MAPt ve VDP
Post by: FARUK ISIK on October 09, 2013, 11:31:11


,


A missed approach procedure is the procedure to be followed if an approach cannot be continued. It specifies a point where the missed approach begins, and a point or an altitude/height where it ends. (ICAO Doc 8168: PANS-OPS)
A missed approach procedure is specified for all airfield and runway Precision Approach and Non-Precision Approach procedures. The missed approach procedure takes into account de-confliction from ground obstacles and from other air traffic flying instrument procedures in the airfield vicinity. Only one missed approach procedure is established for each instrument approach procedure.
A go-around from an instrument approach should follow the specified missed approach procedure unless otherwise instructed by air traffic control.
The missed approach should be initiated not lower than the DA/H in precision approach procedures, or at a specified point in non-precision approach procedures not lower than the MDA/H.
If a missed approach is initiated before arriving at the missed approach point (MAPt), it is important that the pilot proceeds to the MAPt (or to the middle marker fix or specified DME distance for precision approach procedures) and then follows the missed approach procedure in order to remain within the protected airspace. The MAPt may be overflown at an altitude/height greater than that required by the procedure; but in the case of a missed approach with a turn, the turn must not take place before the MAPt, unless otherwise specified in the procedure.
The MAPt in a procedure is defined by:
A visual go around may be made after an unsuccessful visual approach.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
The missed approach operation, after an approach operation has been flown using the CDFA technique, should be executed when reaching the DA/H or the MAPt, whichever occurs first. The lateral part of the missed approach procedure should be flown via the MAPt unless otherwise stated on the approach chart.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Chartın Vertical Path'indeki 2 adet olan Missed Approach Point'ler; uçağın sağlayabileceği climb gradient'e göre verilen noktalardır. Herhangi bir pas geçme durumunda daha düşük climb gradient sağlanıyorsa yaklaşmada daha öndeki bulunan nokta MAPt olarak kabul edilir; daha yüksek bir climb gradient sağlanabilecek ise daha sonraki nokta MAPt olarak kabul edilir. Bu noktaların gerektirdiği climb gradientler de chartta not düşülmelidir.
Faruk;
Pistte, pist yakınlarında veya pistten sonra olan MAPt ler için aşağıdaki örneği vereyim ki biraz daha anlaşılsın... Her yaklaşma sadece straight-in approach için yapılmak zorunda değil elbette. O nedenle bu tarz MAPt ler var. Bu MAPt lerin amacı sana en mümkün olan yol ile "Havalimanını ve Pisti" buldurmaktır.
Yaklaşma: DAL VOR/DME3 yaklaşması
Gelelim VDP'ye
VDP'nin amacı, bu tarz yaklaşmalarda, straight-in yaklaşma yapabileceksen; bu straight-in yaklaşmayı o MDA'den güvenle devam ettirebileceğin 3 derecelik güvenli açıyı hesaplamaktır. Ki bu Hesapladığın yeni VDP, senin artık bir nevi yeni MAPt in olacaktır. Bu noktadan sonra Pisti görsen bile alçalmaya devam etmek, inişi tehlikeye sokacaktır ve unstabilized approach durumları yaşanacaktır. O nedenle böyle bir Adjustment yapılıyor. VDP ile MAPt nin farkı bu. Aşağıdaki şekilde bunu daha net anlayacaksın.
.
Ayrıyetten: " Bu gibi örneklerde normal bir alçalış mümkün değil mantıken .." Cümlene istinaden, Non-Precision Approach'larda CDA - Continuous Descend Approach Angle'lar da veriliyor chartlarda, yada süratine göre kendin de bu açıyı hesaplayabilirsin. Verdiğin Antalya Chartı örneğinde 3 derece ile çizilmiş kesik çizgili bir yaklaşma var dikkat edersen; 3 derecelik alçalma için alçalmaya nerde nasıl başlayıp nasıl yapman gerektiğini anlatıyor. Tabi bu durum, straight-in approach authorised ise ve sen de yaklaşmanın straight-in olduğu piste inmeyi hedefliyorsan mantıklı oluyor. Turlu Yapacaksan Antalya'daki prosedürü veya benim verdiğim Dalaman VOR/DME3 prosedürünü aynen o şekilde pist görene kadar uçmaya devam ediyorsun.
CDA neyi sağlıyor bize? MDA'de iken, aynı zamanda VDP de de olmuş oluyoruz. Haliyle MDA'miz MAPt miz haline geliyor, pas geçme kararı kolaylaşıyor, ve ayrıca MDA'e inip, pist görene kadarlevel-off olmak zorunda kalmıyoruz... Tabiki Straigh-in approach diye tekrar nitelemem gerekiyor.

